In Vitro Antithrombotic Properties of Salmon (Salmo salar) Phospholipids in a Novel Food-Grade Extract
Alexandros Tsoupras 1,†
, Ronan Lordan 1,†, Katie Shiels 2, Sushanta Kumar Saha 2, Constantina Nasopoulou 3,*
and Ioannis Zabetakis 1
, Ronan Lordan 1,†, Katie Shiels 2, Sushanta Kumar Saha 2, Constantina Nasopoulou 3,*
and Ioannis Zabetakis 1Abstract
Marine and salmon polar lipids (PLs) extracted by conventional extractions with non-food-grade solvents (CE-salmon-PLs) possess antithrombotic bioactivities against platelet-activating factor (PAF) and thrombin. Similar effects of food-grade-extracted (FGE) marine PLs have not yet been reported.
In this study, food-grade solvents were used to extract
PLs from Irish organic farmed salmon (Salmo salar)
fillets (FGE-salmon-PLs), while their antithrombotic bioactivities were
assessed in human platelets induced by platelet aggregation agonists
(PAF/thrombin). FGE-salmon-PLs were further separated by thin layer
chromatography (TLC) into lipid subclasses, and the antithrombotic
bioactivities of each subclass were also assessed.
LC-MS was utilized to
elucidate the structure-activity relationships. FGE-salmon-PLs strongly
inhibited PAF-induced platelet aggregation, while their relevant
anti-thrombin effects were at least three times more potent than the
previously reported activities of CE-salmon-PLs. TLC-derived lipid
fractions corresponding to phosphatidylcholines (PC) and
phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) were the most bioactive lipid subclasses
obtained, especially against thrombin. Their LC-MS analysis elucidated
that they are diacyl- or alkyl-acyl- PC and PE moieties baring ω3
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) at their sn-2
position, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid
(DHA).
Our results concerning the potent antithrombotic effects of
FGE-salmon-PLs against both PAF and thrombin pathways strongly suggest
that such food-grade extracts are putative candidates for the
development of novel cardioprotective supplements and nutraceuticals.
Keywords:
salmon; polar lipids; platelet aggregation; platelet-activating factor (PAF); thrombin; phosphatidylcholine; phosphatidylethanolamine; LC-MS; EPA; DHA; PUFA; phospholipids
