Το δυναμικό της υδατοκαλλιέργειας

 

 γράφω ως Αριστερό Εξτρέμ

 

 = = = 

 

Τα νέα όπως τα διάβασα στο cibum.gr στις 10 Ιούνη:

Για πρώτη φορά, η παραγωγή υδατοκαλλιέργειας έχει ξεπεράσει τη αλιεία ως κύρια πηγή υδρόβιων ζωικών προϊόντων. Αυτό το επίτευγμα προσφέρει μια πολλά υποσχόμενη πορεία για την αντιμετώπιση της παγκόσμιας πείνας προστατεύοντας παράλληλα τους ωκεανούς μας. Το κύριο εύρημα της έκθεσης είναι ότι η παραγωγή υδρόβιων ζωικών προϊόντων έχει φτάσει σε παγκόσμιο ρεκόρ 185 εκατομμυρίων τόνων το 2022.

 

Αυτή η είδηση είναι εξαιρετικά σημαντική.

Παρά τα όποια προβλήματα (η υδατοκαλλιέργεια κατηγορείται για ρύπανση του βυθού), τα πλεονεκτήματα είναι πιο πολλά από τα μειονεκτήματα.

Με τον Νηρέα ΑΕ [ https://www.nireus.com/1_1/arxikh-selida.html ], έχουμε συνεργασθεί στο παρελθόν για το πώς μπορούμε να κάνουμε πιο βιώσιμες τις ιχθυοτροφές, με αξιοποίηση του κατσίγαρου, του γνωστού παραπροϊόντος της ελαιουργίας. Φτιάξαμε ιχθυοτροφές με κατσίγαρο που χορηγήθηκαν ως finishig diet σε τσιπούρα και λαβράκι με εξαιρετικά αποτελέσματα, όπως έχουμε δημοσιεύσει εδώ: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24128590

Επίσης, μελετήσαμε και τις οργανοληπτικές ιδιότητες των ψαριών που παρήχθησαν με τις νέες ιχθυοτροφές:

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10498850.2013.813100

Αυτή η συνεργασία μας με τον Νηρέα κατέληξε στην δημιουργία μιας πατέντας

https://patents.google.com/patent/EP2953478A1/en

 

 

Σολομός ιχθυοτροφείου: Είναι υγιεινός;

 Σήμερα, ο άγριος σολομός είναι ένα είδος υπό εξαφάνιση και γι’ αυτό η αγορά και συνεπώς και οι καταναλωτές, έχουν στραφεί στον σολομό ιχθυοτροφείου. Το μέγεθος της παγκόσμιας αγοράς σολομού, έφτασε τους 3,5 εκατομμύρια τόνους το 2022. Ο Όμιλος IMARC αναμένει ότι η αγορά θα φτάσει τους 4,3 εκατομμύρια τόνους έως το 2028, παρουσιάζοντας ρυθμό ανάπτυξης (CAGR) 3,54% κατά την περίοδο 2023-2028.

Η διαμάχη σχετικά με την κατανάλωση σολομού εκτροφής είναι περίπλοκη και οι αναφορές που είναι διαθέσιμες στα μέσα ενημέρωσης, στο διαδίκτυο και σε επιστημονικές δημοσιεύσεις συχνά φαίνονται αντιφατικές. Βέβαια μία γρήγορη αναζήτηση στη Google οδηγεί στο συμπέρασμα πως ο σολομός ιχθυοτροφείου είναι επικίνδυνος για την υγεία του καταναλωτή. Είναι όμως έτσι;

από το cibum.gr

Fisheries, aquaculture and marine ecosystems: transition to clean energy and ecosystem protection for more sustainability and resilience

source

Today, the Commission is presenting a package of measures to improve the sustainability and resilience of the EU's fisheries and aquaculture sector. It includes four elements: A  Communication on the Energy Transition of the EU Fisheries and Aquaculture sector; an Action Plan to protect and restore marine ecosystems for sustainable and resilient fisheries; a Communication on the common fisheries policy today and tomorrow and a Report on the Common Market Organisation for fishery and aquaculture products.

The main objectives of the measures are to promote the use of cleaner energy sources and reduce dependency on fossil fuels as well as reduce the sector's impact on marine ecosystems. The proposed actions will be carried out gradually to help the sector adapt. A ‘Pact for Fisheries and Oceans' will also support the full implementation of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) in coordination with Member States and fisheries stakeholders, including fishers, producer organisations, regional advisory councils, civil society and scientists. The proposals also have at its heart making the sector an attractive job place for the younger generations.

Net zero emissions fisheries and aquaculture sector by 2050

The sector's current dependency on fossil fuels is not only environmentally unsustainable, but also makes it vulnerable to energy price increases. When fuel prices increased in 2021 and 2022, many vessels stayed in port and the sector required financial support as a large part of the EU fishing fleet was unable to cover operational costs. Aquaculture was similarly exposed to higher prices of both fuel and feed. The sector benefited from EU financial support.

The Commission is today proposing to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and aim towards climate neutral fisheries and aquaculture sector, in line with one of the ambitions of the European Green Deal to reach climate neutrality in the EU by 2050. It is proposing measures to support the sector in accelerating its energy transition, by improving fuel efficiency and switching to renewable, low-carbon power sources.

One of the key actions is an Energy Transition Partnership for EU Fisheries and Aquaculture. It will bring together all stakeholders, including in fisheries, aquaculture, shipbuilding, ports, energy, NGOs, national and regional authorities, to collectively address the challenges of the sector's energy transition.

The Commission will also work to close the gaps in the transfer of technology from research and innovation to application; to promote the development of skills among the workforce; and to improve the business environment, including in financing opportunities and awareness.

Protecting marine ecosystems for sustainable fisheries

Climate change, biodiversity loss and ocean pollution threaten the sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture resources. The Commission is presenting a marine action plan to reinforce the CFP's contribution to the EU's environmental objectives and reduce the adverse impact of fishing activities on marine ecosystems, particularly through seabed disturbance, by-catch of sensitive species and effects on marine food webs. A healthy marine environment with healthy fish stocks and rich biodiversity is the only way to ensure a prosperous future for EU fisheries communities in the medium and long term.

The action plan contributes to delivering on the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 and its commitment to legally and effectively protect 30% of our seas, with one third being strictly protected. To fulfil this goal, the Commission calls on Member States to take fisheries conservation measures to protect and manage marine protected areas (MPAs) effectively, with a clear timeline. These efforts should include the protection of fish spawning and nursery areas, the reduction of fish mortality rates and the restoration of core areas for sensitive species and habitats.

Effects of Lysophospholipid Supplementation in Feed with Low Protein or Lipid on Growth Performance, Lipid Metabolism, and Intestinal Flora of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

 the full article is here.

Abstract

The largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were fed diets with three experimental feeds, a control diet (Control, crude protein (CP): 54.52%, crude lipid (CL): 11.45%), a low-protein diet with lysophospholipid (LP-Ly, CP: 52.46%, CL: 11.36%), and a low-lipid diet with lysophospholipid (LL-Ly, CP: 54.43%, CL: 10.19%), respectively. The LP-Ly and LL-Ly groups represented the addition of 1 g/kg of lysophospholipids in the low-protein and low-lipid groups, respectively. After a 64-day feeding trial, the experimental results showed that the growth performance, hepatosomatic index, and viscerosomatic index of largemouth bass in both the LP-Ly and LL-Ly groups were not significantly different compared to those in the Control group (). The condition factor and CP content of whole fish were significantly higher in the LP-Ly group than those in the Control group (). Compared with the Control group, the serum total cholesterol level and alanine aminotransferase enzyme activity were significantly lower in both the LP-Ly group and the LL-Ly group (). The protease and lipase activities in the liver and intestine of both group LL-Ly and group LP-Ly were significantly higher than those of the Control group (). Compared to both the LL-Ly group and the LP-Ly group, significantly lower liver enzyme activities and gene expression of fatty acid synthase, hormone-sensitive lipase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 were found in the Control group (). The addition of lysophospholipids increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria (Cetobacterium and Acinetobacter) and decreased the abundance of harmful bacteria (Mycoplasma) in the intestinal flora. In conclusion, the supplementation of lysophospholipids in low-protein or low-lipid diets had no negative effect on the growth performance of largemouth bass, but increased the activity of intestinal digestive enzymes, enhanced the hepatic lipid metabolism, promoted the protein deposition, and regulated the structure and diversity of the intestinal flora.

Ιχθυκαλλιέργειες και ελαιοπυρήνας: Μία σχέση με μέλλον…

 Του Γιάννη Ζαμπετάκη*

Ένα ενδιαφέρον άρθρο που διάβασα στο cibum.gr την περασμένη εβδομάδα, μιλούσε για τα οικοσυστήματα και τους πληθυσμούς των αλλιευμάτων στην Ελλάδα (ερευνητική δουλειά του καθηγητή του εργαστηρίου Άγριας Πανίδας και Ιχθυοπονίας Γλυκέων Υδάτων στο τμήμα Δασολογίας και Φυσικού Περιβάλλοντος του Αριστοτελείου Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλονίκης (ΑΠΘ) Αντώνιου Κοκκινάκη).

 Από το 1960 και μετά, η ετήσια κατανάλωση ψαριών είναι διπλάσια σε σχέση με την αύξηση του πληθυσμού σε παγκόσμιο επίπεδο, με την κατά κεφαλή ετήσια κατανάλωση να υπερβαίνει τα 20 κιλά. Αντίστοιχα ανοδική πορεία ακολουθεί και η ετήσια κατά κεφαλήν κατανάλωση αλιευμάτων στην Ελλάδα, που σήμερα διαμορφώνεται στα 22-23 κιλά, από πέντε κιλά προ 20ετίας. Μάλιστα, στην αλιευτική προσπάθεια για να καλυφθούν οι υψηλές ανάγκες των καταναλωτών, τριπλασιάστηκαν οι αλιευτικοί στόλοι, «με τους ψαράδες να ψαρεύουν πολλά περισσότερα ψάρια απ’ αυτά που οι θάλασσες μπορούν να αντέξουν να απολέσουν».

Με άλλα λόγια, θα πρέπει να βρούμε άλλες πηγές αλλιευμάτων και μια από αυτές είναι η ιχθυοκαλλιέργεια η οποία ανθεί στην χώρα μας. Το 2014, ήταν μια ιστορική χρονιά: τότε για πρώτη φορά σε παγκόσμιο επίπεδο, τα κιλά των ψαριών που καταναλώσαμε από ιχθυκαλλιέργεια ξεπέρασαν τα κιλά των άγριων ψαριών (από τις θάλασσες). Και αυτή η τάση θα συνεχιστεί.

Θα πρέπει να βρούμε, λοιπόν, τρόπους πώς να κάνουμε την ιχθυοκαλλιέργεια πιο βιώσιμη και πιο φιλική προς το περιβάλλον.

Ένας τέτοιος τρόπος είναι να μειώσουμε την ποσότητα ιχθυελαίων που χρησιμοποιούνται για ιχθυοτροφές. Η ερευνητική μας ομάδα έχει βρει τρόπο να αξιοποιήσει τον ελαιοπυρήνα (κατσίγαρο) (παραπροϊόν της ελαιουργίας στην Ελλάδα) και να τον χρησιμοποιήσει για την παραγωγή τσιπούρας και λαβρακίου, σε συνεργασία με κορυφαία εταιρεία ιχθυοκαλλιέργειας στην Ελλάδα. Αυτή η in vitro μελέτη υπογράμμισε ότι η συμπερίληψη του ελαιοπυρήνα στις ιχθυοτροφές βελτιώνει τη θρεπτική αξία τόσο της ιχθυοτροφής όσο και των ψαριών, πιθανώς εμπλουτίζοντας το θαλάσσιο λιπιδικό προφίλ της τσιπούρας (Sparus aurata ) με συγκεκριμένες βιοδραστικές λιπιδικές ενώσεις φυτικής προέλευσης. Ακολούθως θα μπορούσε να αυξήσει και την εμπορική αξία των ιχθυοτροφών και κατά συνέπεια αυτών των ψαριών υδατοκαλλιέργειας. 

Πιο πολλά μπορείτε να διαβάσετε ΕΔΩ και ΕΔΩ.

Innovation and aquaculture

in the Jan issue of International Aquafeeds, we have published an article on Innovation and Aquaculture.

European Patent EP 2 953 478 granted

Our first EU patent just accepted; EP 2 953 478
Production Method of fish feed enriched with polar lipids and method to enrich Farmed fishes
in collaboration with Nireus aquaculture S.A.

Inventor

Constantinos DEMOPOULOS

Smaragdi ANTONOPOULOU

Ioannis ZABETAKIS

Leonidas PAPAHARISIS

Current Assignee

Antonopoulou Smaragdi

Demopoulos Constantinos

NIREUS AQUACULTURE S A

Nireus Aquaculture SA

Zabetakis Ioannis

Original Assignee

Antonopoulou Smaragdi

Demopoulos Constantinos

NIREUS AQUACULTURE S A

Nireus Aquaculture SA

Zabetakis Ioannis

Priority date

2013-02-05

The invention relates to the production of fish feed with olive ingredients intended for farmed freshwater and saltwater fish and the aquaculturing of freshwater and saltwater fish which are fortified or enriched through their feeding with ingredients derived from olive processing byproducts. The invention also relates to the fortified or enriched fishes as such. In particular the invention relates to fishes if the families of Sparidae, such as gilthead seabream - binomial name: Sparus aurata - and Moronidae, such as seabass - binomial name: Dicentrarchus labrax. The fish feed contains olive kernel, including polar lipids with anti-Platelet Activating Factor action and the weight content of the olive kernel in the fish feed being in a range from 3.1 % to 7.7 % of the weight of the fish feed. According to the invention, fishes from the family of Sparidea or the family of Moronidae contain in their flesh biologically active polar lipids from olive kernel that act as Platelet Activating Factor inhibitors or agonists. The consumption of these fishes prevents the formation of atherosclerotic lesions in in vivo experiments with rabbits.

Related publications

1. Effects of olive pomace and olive pomace oil on growth performance, fatty acid composition and cardio protective properties of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

2. Structure and cardioprotective activities of polar lipids of olive pomace, olive pomace-enriched fish feed and olive pomace fed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

Food Security: a clear need for a round approach

my latest op-ed article at International Aquafeed.

Enjoy :)

Ioannis

FAO 2016 report: The state of world fisheries and aquaculture

https://fateclick.com/dream/dreaming-of-catching-fish

‘The state of world fisheries and aquaculture’, a new publication by FAO, highlights the critical importance of fisheries and aquaculture for the food, nutrition and employment of millions of people, many of whom struggle to maintain reasonable livelihoods. The data presented are from 2016.

the full FAO report is here ; some excellent graphs are here.

The Blue Zones Philosophy

Here is my latest op-ed article in the International Aquafeed magazine.

In a previous op-ed article, we had visited the first three of the power nine features of Blue Zones principles. Here are the rest six of them. 
  

The 80 percent rule
Blue Zones people eat their smallest meal in the late afternoon or early evening, and then they refrain from eating any more food for the rest of the evening; exactly the opposite to the average Westernised person who might have sandwich for lunch and their main meal of the day in the evening. “Hara Hacki Bu”, an Okinawan Confucian mantra that is 2,500 years old, is said before meals and reminds people in Okinawa to stop eating when their stomachs feel about full. The 20 percent gap between not being hungry and feeling full could be the difference between gaining weight or losing it or increasing or decreasing cardiometabolic risk factors.

Diet
Fruits, vegetables, and recipes based on these ingredients (e.g. fava and lentils soups) are a focal point of the diets of the Blue Zones people and these foods occupy the lower shelves of the Mediterranean diet pyramid as seen in Figure 5.1. Fish and seafood is eaten at least twice a week, whereas meat (mostly poultry and pork) is eaten on average five times a month.

Wine
With the exception of the Seventh Day Adventists, everyone in the Blue Zones consume alcohol on a regular and moderate basis averaging up to 2 glasses per day. Figure 5.1, the latest version of the Mediterranean diet pyramid encourages the moderate consumption of alcohol; Blue Zones people tend to follow this guideline. Consuming two glasses per day or 14 glasses per week is the optimal dose, however the drinking pattern is of paramount importance. One or two glasses of red wine every day is key, whereas binge drinking should be avoided at all costs. There is no standard portion however studies have shown that 250 mL of red wine may lower inflammatory markers and reduce platelet aggregation.

Read the full article, HERE. The Aquaculturists

how can we produce sustainably nutraceuticals?

 

 

Omega-3 withdrawal by retailers opens up sustainability dialogue

16-Apr-2018 By Will Chu

UK health and beauty retailer Boots have become the latest target of a campaign by Greenpeace to halt the sale of Omega-3 supplements derived from krill oil fished in vulnerable marine areas. 

= = =

this news ...bring back the question:  

how can we produce sustainably nutraceuticals?

[watch this space ; in few months we are going to have the complete answer]

"waste" into food?

this is an interesting story on how we can turn "waste" into food

trout fed with insect proteins : would you buy it?

Following the settlement of a partnership agreement with the start-up InnovaFeed, Auchan announced that next year it will begin to market some of its growing insect protein-growing trout. In this way, the French retailer seeks to approach the natural fish diet and, at the same time, reduce imports of fishmeal.

[full story is here]

Would you buy a fish fed with insects?

Are the markers we use in cardiovascular prognosis correct?

Probably, the most difficult question that we need to answer as scientists working in the interface of Aquaculture and Health Sciences is this one: are the markers we use in cardiovascular prognosis correct?
 


It is a rather hard question; no easy answer is available. Latest publications which suggest that the current markers we are using in the prognosis of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) are probably wrong.

According to (Fielding, 2017) : in 2004, the ‘Ω-3 index’ was described as the sum of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20 : 5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22 : 6 n-3) in red blood cells (RBCs) as an index of coronary heart disease mortality.

However, recent studies have reported differential metabolism of EPA and DHA. High-dose supplementation with EPA and DHA led to increased levels of RBC DHA that were associated with decreased liver fat.

In summary, dietary intake or supplementation studies with n-3 fatty acids should include measurement of n-3 status in a standardized way.

The Ω-3 index, reflecting EPA and DHA status throughout the body, is convenient and may be appropriate in some cases, but as EPA and DHA assimilate differently in membranes, and have different potency, measurement of individual fatty acid composition in RBCs may be more informative.

In another recent paper, (Givens, 2017) reports the fact that it is now generally accepted that the effects of reducing intake of Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA) are dependent on what replaces them in the diet.

Reduced CVD risk has been associated with replacement of SFA with cis-polyunsaturated fatty acids (cis-PUFA) and/or cis-monounsaturated fatty acids (cis-MUFA), with replacement by carbohydrate leading to no reduction or even increased CVD risk.

For references and to read the full article, click HERE.

Caveat Emptor!

A very interesting and rather intriguing paper on omega-3 fatty acids and fish was published last May in Clinical Nutrition: the authors have reviewed literature with regard to the supplementation of omega-3 LC-PUFAs  

Previous evidence stated that high doses omega-3 LC-PUFAs produce a small but significant decrease in blood pressure in older and hypertensive subjects.

Due to the increasing interest in the benefits of LC-PUFAs, the authors aimed to evaluate the scientific evidence provided in the past five years (2012–2016) on the effects of the intake of omega-3 LC-PUFAs on cardiovascular risk factors such as inflammation and oxidative stress, through a systematic review in PubMed database.

28 articles were related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and are included in this systematic review. The studies included healthy subjects and CVD patients; we included the number of subjects, type of study, type and doses of omega-3 LC-PUFAs, primary outcomes, and results.

The use of omega-3 LC-PUFAs for ameliorating CVD risk factors can be recommended. However, the administration of omega-3 does not seem to show any benefit for the management of CVD or associated complications (Rangel-Huerta and Gil).

However, the devil is always hidden in the tiny details. Having a closer look at this paper and especially table 3, it can be seen that the authors compare head-to-head studies where pure omega-3 fatty acids were supplemented to humans to studies where fish was consumed.

Despite the fact, that this comparison is not unusual in literature; we have some scientific concerns whether this is the right way of evaluating the cardioprotective properties of fish.

Read the full article, HERE.

Food security and …olives

[from Aquaculturists]

 

by Ioannis Zabetakis, Lecturer on Food Lipids, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland

My relationship with olives is a precious one. Some memorable events in this path: reading about olive oil when I was a primary school student, analysing olive oil in my BSc years, planting my own olive trees in our garden and then talking to my kids about Olympic Games and olives where the winners were not given any medals but an olive wreath
 

Ioannis Zabetakis

In my Academic research later, I developed a long standing interest in the by-products of olive industry and olive pomace (OP) in particular. OP is the main agricultural by-product of olive industry; because of its nature, it is a major environmental issue for all the olive-producing countries.

Research on the waste-management issues of OP has been active over the 15 years and all the available data suggest that OP could be exploited as an alternative dietary lipid source in compounded fish feeds resulting in the formulation of functional fish feeds and aquacultured fish according to the EU legislation (EC 1924/2006).

Moreover OP can also be used in agriculture by inclusion in animal feeds without attenuating animal performance and meat quality. We have developed a patented novel fish feed and fish based on the valorisation of OP (Nasopoulou et al., 2011).

In some exciting relevant developments, the potential of dry olive cake in a practical diet for juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aereus, has been recently reported (Harmantepe et al., 2016).

A feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of olive cake (OC) on growth, feed utilisation, digestibility of nutrient, haematological values and some blood chemistry parameters of juvenile hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aereus).

The best feed conversion rate and protein efficiency rate were obtained from the fish fed with the control and OC12 diets. Growth performance, feed conversion rate and protein efficiency rate of fish fed diets with OC incorporation levels of more than 12 percent tended to decrease significantly (P <0.05) compared to the control and OC12 diet groups.

To read the full article and for references, click HERE.

The role of aqua industry towards healthier eating

the title of this post is my latest op-Ed piece in International Aquafeed.

You can read it by clicking here.

As always, your comments are mostly welcome.

Ioannis

Seeds of love

-this is one of my most favourite articles...written last Summer but still valid...for one more Summer of Love and Fishing- 

------------



by Ioannis Zabetakis
 
First published in International Aquafeed, July-August 2015

It is summer. It is this blessed time of the year when all of us can afford some more time to be spent with our beloved ones doing things that may look not productive, but they really are.

Every summer, I spend lots of time both by and in the sea, sailing, fishing, and swimming. But this summer is different. My boys are old enough now to go snorkelling and spear fishing. You may wonder why I bother you with all these trivial things. They may look trivial but they are quite promising in this sense: teaching young kids to love fishing can be a fundamental step towards teaching them sustainable fishing, aquaculture and nutritional value of fish.
      

Did somebody mention spear fishing? (Image: James St. John)

When a young child catches his or her food, they have a really good chance to get familiar with the food we eat, how different fish taste and which ones match better her or his palate prefers. Then, the issues of how fish are grown, what food they eat and why eating fish is good for human health can be introduced and discussed. We need two things here: to be able to go fishing and some dedicated time by the parent. The second element is more crucial.

But the issues that are emerging from these discussions are diverse and rather interesting.

First, the issue of nutritional value was raised. When I was asked by my boys how much fish we need to eat, I gave an (automatic) answer of about two portions per week but this is not the case. However, still today, there are clear nutritional guidelines on how many grams of fish we need to eat, and also what type of fish! Let’s stick to two portions per week when talking to our kids.

Another issue that was brought up is what fish eat. Here, fascinating things can be discussed, about the food chain management, the impact of anthropogenic pollution on fish quality (i.e. have a look at the Minamata case in Japan, and how fish there poisoned humans and vice versa) and how we can make sustainable the production of fish feeds and hence fish.

Finally, another issue than could be explained to kids is the one of climate change and its impact on fish populations. By linking the melting of ice to the temperature of sea and the domination of some fish species over others, we could sow some seeds of curiosity to the young ones and these seeds should help them in their future investigations. Enjoy the sea and the sea discussions!

ioannis.zabetakis@ul.ie

@yanzabet 

Read the magazine HERE.  

Hooray for Dr Eleni

This morning, the viva of Eleni Sioriki took place, via video-conference between UL and Universities of Athens and Aegean in Greece.
All went well and we got one more Dr in our team!
Well done Eleni!

You can find Eleni's work on olive pomace and aquaculture by clicking here  and here.


Yannis Zabetakis